Controlling temperature is essential to efficient, safe and optimal operation of automotive components and systems, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and those with more electronics. The HVAC system keeps occupants comfortable, and ensures safe operation and optimal performance of the engine, battery and other components. Heat exchangers allow heat to be transferred between fluids and/or parts, to dissipate heat and stop overheating. Combined thermal systems integrate various cooling and heating technologies to enable efficient energy management, efficient thermal system design, and smaller vehicles. These technologies provide reliable performance, longer component lifespan and better vehicle performance.